Journal articles: 'Banca romana' – Grafiati (2024)

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Lo studio analizza, dal punto di vista sociologico e nell'esame delle dinamiche dello sviluppo, le modalitŕ con cui il territorio romano si organizza rispetto ai criteri di competitivitŕ, inclusione e crescita. Si considerano in particolare come riferimenti guida quelli ritenuti determinanti per lo sviluppo sostenibile in una societŕ postmoderna: capacitŕ di agire, opportunitŕ, servizi e strumenti, diritti, competenze. L'analisi considera anche il confronto tra Roma e altre aree metropolitane italiane ed europee e valuta politiche, strumenti, servizi e condizioni dell'economia e della societŕ romana rispetto al tema guida della competitivitŕ dei sistemi locali attraverso i dati della Camera di Commercio, delle organizzazioni di impresa, della banca dati Excelsior, dei Fondi interprofessionali e dei dati sul lavoro e sulla formazione istituzionali.

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The aim of this paper is to measure the sensitivity of commercial banks from the Erste Group to the confidence crisis on the interbank market and to compare their sensitivity with average sensitivity of banks in particular countries. We have used the methodology of scenario analysis for the liquid asset ratio. All banks belonging to the Erste Group should be able to withstand the confidence crisis on the interbank market. The group of the most vulnerable banks consists from Erste bank Hungary and Banca Comerciala Romana from Romania. In some cases, banks from the Erste Group are more sensitive; while in other cases are banks belonging to the Erste Group less vulnerable than corresponding banking sectors. Except of banks from Hungary, Romania and Slovakia, subsidiary banks are less sensitive to the confidence crisis than the parent bank. Banks (and banking sectors) who are net borrowers on the interbank market are much more sensitive to the confidence crisis on this market.

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Riassunto Numerosi chierici tedeschi tentarono la loro fortuna nella ricerca di benefici presso la chiesa romana, il maggiore datore di lavoro nel tardo medioevo, ricorrendo all’aiuto del papa a Roma. Le tracce che hanno lasciato nell’Archivio Segreto Vaticano sono raccolte nel „Repertorium Germanicum“ (RG) e nel „Repertorium Poenitentiariae Germanicum“ (RPG), nonché nella banca dati dell’Istituto Storico Germanico, dove possono essere consultati agevolmente. Insieme con le fonti, conservate negli archivi al di là delle Alpi, questi documenti formano talvolta un biogramma, permettendo così degli approfondimenti sulla provenienza di determinate persone, sulla loro carriera in Germania e presso la curia, sulla loro rete di contatti, come pure sul loro patrimonio di cui disponevano. Per Johannes Buren di Fritzlar (ca. 1467–1524) si dispone di una tale densa documentazione.

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In today s economy, the banking industry is crucial in determining the standard of living. The Romanian economy has recently shown a reliance on bank finance, with the banking industry s key goals being to strengthen customer focus, foster digital transformation, and meet consumers needs as they relate to current trends. The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the Romanian economy, forcing it to overcome new obstacles in the banking sector. Thus, in order to manage their competitiveness, banks must create a resilience strategy. According to the financial reports, the most profitable Romanian banks in 2021 are: Banca Transilvania (BT), Banca Comercială Română (BCR) and Banca Română pentru Dezvoltare (BRD). These banks have the highest profit margins, with a cumulative 3.5 billion RON, which equates to 55% of the banking profit gain. This paper s primary goals are to: (1) provide a cumulative analysis of banking competitiveness and its key driving factors; and (2) examine the three major commercial banks of Romania - BT, BCR and BRD. Regarding to the five key indicators of banking competitiveness—total assets, net profit, market share, number of branches, and employees—we aimed to conduct a quick analysis of those three largest commercial banks in Romania. These institutions have a direct impact on the whole Romanian banking industry.

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Foreign banks represent important channels for the transfer of productive resources, managerial and organizational skills and experience accumulated on international level, which led to increased competition in the banking market in Romania, which contributed to some extent to the profitability of the Romanian banking sector. The purpose of the current attempt of research is the analysis of the structural evolution of the banking sector in Romania, under the impact of foreign direct investments (FDI). Analyzing the structural evolution of the Romanian banking sector, there can be observed that in 2015, FDI has influenced some important merger operations on a level with branches of foreign banks in Romania, and over 85% of the total capital of the banking system in our country belongs to credit institutions with foreign majority ownership and to their branches. Regarding the origin of the foreign capital of credit institutions, it originates from the member states of the European Union (EU). It is also worthy of note that in 2015, the top ten banks in the banking sector of Romania held 71.6% of the assets, while the remaining 26 banks held a share of only 28.4% of the market. Banca Comercială Română, BRD - Groupe Société Générale and Banca Transilvania are in 2015 the main banks in the Romanian banking system, with a major market share.

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Laura Stanciu, Italian multinational banking in interwar east central EuropeThis article examines the interwar development of multinational investment undertaken by the most prominent Italian universal bank — Banca Commerciale Italiana — in Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland and Romania, referred to here as east central Europe. It analyses the extent to which considerations concerning universal banking's development are valid in the case of Italian multinational investment in this region. The article is neither a study of the 1930s financial crisis nor an analysis of the Italian universal banking per se. Instead, it questions the implicit relationship between the fate of the activities of Banca Commerciale Italiana in east central Europe and the general problems of the universal banking system during the early 1930s. Evidence seems to suggest that the bank's withdrawal from the region, beginning in the late 1920s, was more a result of managerial shortcomings and unsound investment decisions than the crisis.

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Este artículo pretende estudiar la cosa de uso colectivo en los dos primeros niveles que atraviesa la sociedad desde su origen —sociedad de bandas y sociedad segmentaria— al tiempo que extraer sus notas informadoras para estos periodos. Esta investigación servirá para comprender de un modo completo la expresión de la cosa colectiva en tiempos históricos. La finalidad de este estudio es abordar de un modo completo la futura investigación de la cosa de uso colectivo en la experiencia jurídica romana donde se encuentra el fundamento histórico de nuestra actual institución jurídica del dominio público.

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. First and foremost, we will depict the realities of “money trading” (money changing, pawnbroking, and quasi-modern lending) in the Romanian Principalities from the 18th century to mid-19th century, having as starting point a number of more ancient or recent bibliographical resources. The need for low interest rate loans to support lucrative business was increasingly present in the period between 1830 and1859. The financial market of the Romanian Principalities was becoming the focus of more and more Western European banks that were seeking to pursue business through their Ottoman branches. With the support of his close associates, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, the Ruler of the Romanian Principalities, also had in mind the modernisation of the Romanian banking system, as part of the reforms aimed at the development of the Romanian society as a whole. Discussions revolved around the establishment of a discount and circulation bank that would also have the right to issue currency and of a mortgage bank entitled to give out loans to the largest landowners in the country. Even though the 1864 establishment of the Savings and Consignments House had been successful in collecting private savings to be later used by the Government as budget resources for major national investment projects, the 1865 attempt at establishing Banque de Roumanie resulted in failure, due to opposition by the Romanian ruler’s political adversaries. The establishment of French and English banks in Romania was stopped and Romania failed to become a preferred market for Western European countries. Nevertheless, one should keep in mind that Alexandru Ioan Cuza, the Ruler of the Romanian Principalities, was a pioneer in this field as well, since his ideas were implemented and expanded upon after 1866.

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Abstract The year 2020 began with a health crisis, asserted in the same year, as the coronavirus pandemic. In this sense, world governments have taken measures to protect their national economies, measures such as limiting exports or social distancing. In 2022, the economy showed signs of recovery, when in February, war broke out between Ukraine and Russia. Thus, the two events negatively impacted world trade. In this paper, the aim is to point out the impact of the health, economic and war crisis on Romania-Brazil commercial relations, in the period 2019–2023, on Brazilian investments in Romania and on Romanian investments in Brazil. Romania is part of the European Union, being also a military, humanitarian and economic support for Ukrainians. Otherwise, Brazil is part of a totally different political structure, being a partner and ally of Russia. A descriptive research will be carried out on Romania-Brazil trade, in the period 2019–2023, based on the information on the Comexstat platform. In order to identify Brazilian investments in Romania, the research will be carried out conformable of the information provided by the National Trade Registry Office, and the research on Romanian investments in Brazil will be carried out conformable of the information provided by Banco Central do Brasil. The year 2023 represents the best economic year for trade between Romania and Brazil from the period 2019–2023, as commercial exchanges increased by 16% in 2023, compared to 2019. Regarding Brazilian investments in Romania, they are increasing, but Romanian investments in Brazil are decreasing. This work is innovative, because it sheds light on the commercial relationship between two countries with a similar culture, during a period of crisis, countries that are located in two different political and ideological blocs.

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Il presente lavoro rappresenta un primo tentativo di analizzare in chiave spaziale l'efficienza conseguita a livello di governo locale in Italia, utilizzando un database di nuova costruzione, che comprende i 341 comuni della regione Emilia- Romagna. La metodologia d'analisi si basa su una procedura a due stadi. Nel primo stadio, si stimano i punteggi di efficienza attraverso il metodo non parametrico della Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), mentre nel secondo stadio si utilizzano detti punteggi per effettuare un'analisi esplorativa dei dati spaziali (ESDA), basata sulla statistica I di Moran. I risultati mostrano che i comuni considerati sono mediamente inefficienti e che esistono fenomeni di esternalitŕ spaziali, in grado di in- fluenzare positivamente il grado d'efficienza delle amministrazioni comunali. I comuni con un elevato livello d'efficienza, infatti, sono circondati da comuni caratterizzati da un'efficienza altrettanto elevata e viceversa. Parallelamente, si riscontra una non trascurabile evidenza di eterogeneitŕ spaziale. Particolare attenzione č stata posta, sia in fase di costruzione della banca dati sia nel processo di stima, ai problemi di eterogeneitŕ dovuti alla presenza di osservazioni anomale.

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Um dos autores (FC) descreve um momento histórico que presenciou ainda como estudante de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, no ano de 1958, quando ocorreu o concurso para a Cátedra de Anatomia, vencida por um jovem médico mineiro de 28 anos, o professor Antônio Zapalá, que teve toda a sua formação, desde a graduação, dirigida para uma carreira acadêmica dedicada à Anatomia. A banca foi presidida pelo professor Barros Lima, catedrático da cadeira de Ortopedia e composta pelos seguintes professores: Rui Neves Batista (Universidade do Recife), Álvaro Froes da Fonseca (Rio de Janeiro), Rafael de Menezes e Silva (Salvador) e Ruy Romano da Silva Romariz (Faculdade de Medicina e Cirurgia do Pará, Belém). O título da tese que o professor Zappalá defendeu foi “Contribuição para o estudo da anatomia dos vasos e das “zonas vasculares lienais”. Dados anatômicos no homem e experimentais no cão para aplicação na lienectomia parcial”, que foi a vencedora.

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Abstract The study focuses on the development of the economy in interwar Romania and the evolution and role of the banking system for the economical dynamic. In this context, we underline the different rates of development of the two key economical sectors (industry and agriculture), identify their causes and analize the financing processes that take place through the banking system.

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A series of experiments of the leaching of lead and other cations from three samples of natural zeolite-clinoptilolite, (Sample 1-deposit Zlatokop, Vranjska Banja, Serbia and Montenegro; Sample 2-deposit Bala Mare, Romania; Sample 3-Igros near Brus, Serbia and Montenegro) using EDTA was conducted. The results of the experiments showed that the extraction efficiencies from the examined samples were different. If a sufficiently large amount of EDTA was applied, most of the lead was extracted only from Sample 1-deposit Zlatokop. Similar effects were obtained for the leaching of iron. The differences in the extraction efficiencies may be due to the difference of the of lead and iron species present in the zeolite crystals. The effects of EDTA concentration and solid/liquid ratio on the extraction of lead, iron and aluminum were studied.

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Starting from the major change of the banks’ current status into the economy, which is primarily marked by the systematic concern for the contribution to the common good, this paper proposes an insight in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy of the leading financial group on the Romanian market: Erste Group. Unlike Banca Comercială Română (BCR), Erste Group proves an assumed involvement in the CSR process, deeply connected to the organizational structure and introducing the term of sustainability as a corollary of environmental themes, diversity, community involvement and corporate volunteering. The case study demonstrates the group's influence on the CSR strategy of BCR by creating sustainable value for community. The comparative analysis highlights a significant influence of the CSR practices in the educational field developed by BCR through Erste Group. The parent-group contributes with a unitary vision to the CSR mechanism, being connected to the realities of the socio-cultural context in the Central and Eastern Europe. The present paper creates the basis for a complete understanding of the main factors underlying the CSR construction in Romania, pointing out the reporting differences, the benefits and the limits of this approach.

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Resum: Els textos llatins cantats de la litúrgia i les pròpies oracions o pregàries acaben generant una tipologia diversa de poemes en llengua romanç que en depenen, bé amb certa literalitat o bé a través del mecanisme de la glossa. En una certa simbiosi, de benefici mutu, hem d’entendre la necessitat de considerar en paral·lel l’estudi del text original i del poema resultant. D’una banda, l’oració llatina és el text subjacent d’un poema que la glossa i que, per tant, funciona com a hipotext i té valor ecdòtic en la reflexió filològica: aquest treball defineix aquest mecanisme crítico-textual com a collatio subjacent. D’una altra banda, el text llatí és també inestable, presenta variacions, més encara perquè aquest tipus d’oracions no queden completament fixades fins ben entrada l’Edat Moderna. Del propi poema en llengua romanç, per tant, es pot conéixer la textualitat de la seua font llatina i, d’aquesta manera, es pot reconstruir també l’estadi textual d’aquesta. Aquest article estudia i edita una glossa poètica manuscrita de l’Ave Maria, per a la qual cosa analitza l’edició del segle xix que la transmet i identifica la seua font manuscrita antiga.Paraules clau: Ave Maria, poesia, cançoner, glossa, Marià Aguiló, Natzaré, Pere Vilaspinosa.Abstract: The sung Latin texts of the liturgy and the prayers themselves end up generating a diverse typology of poems in the Romance language that depends, either with a certain literalness or through the mechanism of the gloss. In a certain symbiosis, of mutual benefit, we have to understand the need to consider the study of the original text and the resulting poem in parallel. On the one hand, the Latin sentence is the underlying text of a poem that glosses it and, therefore, functions as a hypotext and has ecdòtic value in philological reflection: this work defines this critical-textual mechanism as an underlying collatio. On the other hand, the Latin text is also unstable, it presents variations, even more so because this type of sentences are not completely fixed well into the Modern Age. From the poem itself in the Romance language, therefore, the textuality of its Latin source can be known and, in this way, the textual stage of the source can be reconstructed. This article studies and edits a manuscript poetic gloss of the Ave Maria, for which it analyzes the 19th century edition that transmits it and identifies its ancient manuscript source.Keywords: Ave Maria, poetry, cançoner, gloss, Marià Aguiló, Natzaré, Pere Vilaspinosa.

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Journal of Food Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. Journal of Food Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jfr/editor/recruitment and e-mail the completed application form to jfr@ccsenet.org. Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 6   Anna Maria Pappalardo, University of Catania, Italy Antonella Santillo, University of Foggia, Italy Bojana Filipcev, University of Novi Sad, Serbia Cheryl Rosita Rock, California State University, United States Codina Georgiana Gabriela, Stefan cel Mare University Suceava, Romania Corina-aurelia Zugravu, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Romania Diego A. Moreno-Fernández, CEBAS-CSIC, Spain Domitila Augusta Huber, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil Elsa M Goncalves, Instituto Nacional de Investigacao Agrária, Portugal Jasdeep Saini, WTI (world Technology Ingredients), Inc., United States Jelena Dragisic Maksimovic, University of Belgrade, Serbia Kamila Goderska, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poland Lenka Kourimska, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic Magdalena Polak-Berecka, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland Massimiliano Renna, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy Milla Santos, Universidade Federal De Uberlandia, Brazil Mwanza Mulunda, North West University, South Africa Na-Hyung Kim, Wonkwang University, Korea Richard Nyanzi, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa Slavica Grujic, University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia Herzegovina Suresh Kumar, Hanyang University, Korea Teodora Emilia Coldea, Univ. of AG Sciences & Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Romania Winny Routray, McGill University, Canada Yong Yang, University of Maryland, USA

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Journal of Food Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated. Journal of Food Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please contact us for the application form at: jfr@ccsenet.org Reviewers for Volume 11, Number 4   Alexandre Navarro Silva, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Brazil Alexandrina Sirbu, Constantin Brancoveanu University, Romania Bojana Filipcev, University of Novi Sad, Serbia Cheryl Rosita Rock, California State University, United States Corina-aurelia Zugravu, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Romania Diego A. Moreno-Fernández, CEBAS-CSIC, Spain Elsa M Goncalves, Instituto Nacional de Investigacao Agrária (INIA), Portugal Hatice Reyhan Oziyi, Antalya Bilim University, Turkey J. Basilio Heredia, Research Center for Food and Development, Mexico Jintana Wiboonsirikul, Phetchaburi Rajabhat University, Thailand Jose Maria Zubeldia, Clinical Regulatory Consultant for the HIV & Hepatitis C initiative at Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, Spain Liana Claudia Salanta, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Romania Maria Margareth Veloso Naves, Federal University of Goias, Brazil Marie Lys Irakoze, Dedan Kimathi University of Technology, RWANDARwanda Meena Somanchi, United States Department of Agriculture, United States Olutosin Otekunrin, Federal University of Agriculture, Nigeria Rozilaine A. P. G. Faria, Federal Institute of Science, Education and Technology of Mato Grosso, Brazil Slavica Grujic, University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia Herzegovina Soma Mukherjee, The University of Holy Cross, USA Tooba Mehfooz, Iqra University, Pakistan Tzortzis Nomikos, Harokopio University, Greece Xingjun Li, Academy of the National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, China Y. Riswahyuli, Gadah Mada University, Indonesia Zahra Saleh Ahmed, National Research Centre, Egypt

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Este Número Temático de Mundo de Antes 8, correspondiente al año 2013, reúne parte de las contribuciones presentadas en el VIII Simposio Internacional de Arte Rupestre (SIAR), realizado en el “Centro Cultural Eugenio Flavio Virla” de la Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina), durante los días 8 al 12 de noviembre de 2010. El Comité Organizador del VIII SIAR estuvo conformado por: Carlos A. Aschero (Coor- dinación General), Carmen Andrada, Silvina Adris, Víctor Ataliva, María del Pilar Babot, Alfre- do Calisaya, Exequiel Del Bel, Aldo Gerónimo, Lucía González Baroni, Salomón Hocsman, María Victoria Isasmendi, Rossana Ledesma, Sara M. L. López Campeny, Álvaro R. Martel, Jorge Gabriel Martínez, Soledad Martínez, Silvina Rodríguez Curletto, Andrés Romano, Valeria Ucedo y Silvana Urquiza; la edición de los Resúmenes del VIII SIAR estuvo a cargo de Ataliva. Las siguientes instituciones organizaron el VIII SIAR en San Miguel de Tucumán: Instituto de Arqueología y Museo (IAM, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, FCNeIML, UNT), Instituto Superior de Estudios Sociales (ISES-UNT-CONICET) y Secretaría de Ciencia y Técnica de la Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (CIUNT). El evento fue auspiciado por: CONICET, FCNeIML (UNT), Sociedad Argentina de Antropología (SAA), Asociación de Arqueólogos Profesionales de la República Argentina (AAPRA), Sociedad de Investigación del Arte Rupestre de Bolivia (SIARB), Banco Francés y Cooperativa Ruta del Tejido.

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Resum: Els estudiosos del Curial han relacionat fàcilment l’enamorament de l’africana Camar amb els amors –també africans– d’Enees i Dido. Tanmateix, els ha passat desapercebuda la figura de la màrtir romana Perpètua de Cartago, jove estudiosa de l’Eneida, que fou lligada a un pal i exposada als lleons, entre altres aspectes biogràfics relacionables amb el personatge curialesc de Camar. La revisió de les Actes del martiri (versions A i B, divulgades ensems) i de la novel·lada Passio Perpetuae (segle III) permet detectar coincidències argumentals i connexions intertextuals amb la novel·la cavalleresca del segle XV. El fet que aquestes fonts foren fàcilment accessibles a Itàlia (Milà, Nàpols), però no a la Península Ibèrica, reforça la idea –generalment acceptada per la crítica– d’un Curial e Güelfa escrit en relació amb la cort napolitana d’Alfons el Magnànim. El tractament paròdic que l’anònim fa de les fonts devocionals, d’altra banda, resulta també especialment interessant per a caracteritzar-lo intel·lectualment i per a interpretar com cal l’obra. Paraules clau: santa Perpètua de Cartago, Camar, Curial e Güelfa, novel·la cavalleresca, Passio Perpetuae et Felicitatis. Abstract: The scholars of the Curial have easily related the love of the African Camar with the love stories –also African– of Eneas and Dido. However, they have not paid attention to the figure of the Roman martyr Perpetua of Carthage, a young scholar of the Eneida who was tied to a post and exposed to the lions, among other biographical aspects that could be linked to the character of Camar in the Curial. The revision of the Minutes of the martyrdom (versions A and B, released together) and the fictionalized Passio Perpetuae (3rd century) allow us to notice coincidences in the plot and intertextual connections with the chivalric novel of the 15th century. The fact that these sources were easily accessible in Italy (Milano, Naples) and unknown in the Iberian Peninsula reinforces the idea –generally accepted by the criticism– of a Curial e Güelfa written in relation with the court in Naples of Alfonso the Magnanimous. The parodic treatment that the anonymous

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Com a entrada em vigor do Novo Código de Processo Civil completou-se um ciclo de medidas legislativas voltadas ao tratamento de casos redundantes e à valorização dos precedentes judiciais no Brasil, formando-se um conjunto normativo composto por vários instrumentos como a repercussão geral, o rito de julgamento de recursos repetitivos nos tribunais superiores e os incidentes de resolução de demandas repetitivas. Este trabalho pretende abordar como a consolidação legislativa desses sistemas de julgamento concentrado de demandas repetitivas e formação de precedentes foi associada a um cenário de eficiência, coesão e racionalidade no sistema processual brasileiro e alguns obstáculos à sua concretização identificados no banco nacional de dados criado pelo artigo 5º da Resolução CNJ 235, de 2016. A exposição de motivos do Novo Código de Processo Civil e algumas obras dedicadas ao tema são utilizadas para ilustrar a correlação estabelecida entre os sistemas de julgamento concentrado de demandas repetitivas e formação de precedentes judiciais e o ganho de eficiência, coesão e racionalidade no processo civil brasileiro. As disfuncionalidades do referido sistema são apontadas tendo por base três parâmetros principais de análise: a) a sobreposição de ordens de sobrestamento de processos por múltiplos temas; b) o tempo médio de julgamento dos temas e de sobrestamento de processos, e; c) as dificuldades de formação e aplicação dos precedentes obrigatórios. A conclusão é no sentido de que a transição de um sistema jurídico de filiação romano-germânica para um sistema protagonizado pelos precedentes judiciais demanda uma mudança cultural e sua racionalidade depende não somente de previsões dogmáticas, mas também da atuação consistente e coordenada dos tribunais.

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After the conquest of the Bosnian and Herzegovinian territory, the Romans launched numerous campaigns so this region and its population could be incorporated into the Roman life and Roman civilization of that period as quickly as possible. They believed that this is the only and the best way to make themselves the masters of this region. As part of their extensive activities, those that focused on systematic and full implementation of urbanization in the present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina were especially important. This long process encompassed the infrastructure construction, modelled on the Italic cities, villages, economic and other facilities. The first steps of the Roman authorities were to construct modern and high-quality roads, i.e. a powerful road network that would facilitate a faster and stronger connection between settlements and economic resources around present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. Publius Cornelius Dolabella, who served as an imperial governor of the province of Upper Illyria from 14 th to 20 AD, had a special role in the implementation of this plan. The construction of the first roads began upon his initiative and under his strict supervision. He intended to establish a better connection between the regions of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina with the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. These first roads created good foundation for a complete urbanization of this area. th Along with the road construction, the Romans launched the activities that included new settlements, firstly along the Roman roads, then at the crossroads, and then in the regions had were rich in resources. Each settlement, in its appearance, dimensions and layout of facilities and its infrastructure, had to correspond to the Roman building standards. The first settlements were built along the roads. The most famous sites of urban settlements include: Grkovci and Pelva (Livno plateau), Halapići and Salvium (Glamoč plateau), Pecka (the Sana river valley), Baloie (Šipovo), Bjelajac (Mrkonjić Grad), Castra, Laktaši, Gornji Šeher (Banja Luka), Servitium (Bosanska Gradiška), Delminium (Duvno plateau), Varvara (Rama river valley), Ad Matricem (Gornji Vakuf), Bistue Nova (Bugojno), Višnjica (Kiseljak), Ilidža (Sarajevo plateau), Domavia and Skelani (central Podrinje), Blagaj, Maslovare and Bosanski Novi (the Sana and Japra rivers valley), Golubić (Bihać), Bigeste (Čapljina), Leusinium (Bileća), Diluntum (Stolac), Ad Drinum (Drinjača) as well as many others, but less known. Urbanization had many positive effects in all aspects of work and life of local inhabitants from that period in the region of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. A road network was established, as well as numerous economic activities, lifestyle standard and social relations were raised to a significantly higher level, many settlements (cities and villages) and many cultural monuments were built.

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Alla fine della Seconda Guerra Mondiale, la Germania era un Paese sconfitto e devastato, politicamente diviso in due regioni distinte sotto il controllo delle potenze vincitrici. Nella coscienza della Germania, il 1945 divenne una sorta di anno zero per una nuova rinascita politica ed economica che, nell'ultimo decennio del XX secolo, avrebbe portato alla riunificazione, sotto l'egida del cancelliere Helmut Kohl. Era l'epoca dello smantellamento dell'Unione Sovietica e della fine della Guerra Fredda. Nel giro di un decennio, la Germania sarebbe diventata uno degli Stati più forti d'Europa. Il punto di vista centrale dell'Autore è che è difficile comprendere la questione della rinascita della Germania senza prendere in considerazione la sua identità nazionale, che affonda le sue radici nell'esperienza del Sacro Romano Impero - la cui definizione tedesca aggiunge "Deutscher Nation", cioè "della nazione tedesca". Questo ha aperto la strada al concetto di Zentralmacht (potere centrale) e di Lebensraum (spazio vitale) europei. Questo capitolo si sofferma sul percorso storico e ideologico di questi assunti, un viaggio lungo e difficile attraverso secoli di guerre e scelte politiche diverse, che hanno forgiato la base ideologica della Germania come principale potenza continentale. Secondo l'autore, questo è stato il punto di svolta focale che, dopo la Seconda guerra mondiale, ha portato la Germania occidentale a diventare membro della NATO nel 1952 e, poco dopo, membro della CEE e, nel 1989-90, con il crollo dell'URSS, alla riunificazione del territorio e della popolazione. Era l'ultima pagina di un percorso lungo e insidioso che i leader tedeschi hanno saputo affrontare con notevole abilità. Nel nuovo millennio, la Germania si trovò a fare da perno politico, economico, commerciale e industriale tra l'Europa orientale e quella occidentale. Una posizione che ha conferito alla Germania il ruolo di pilastro dell'architettura europea, al punto che, con l'introduzione dell'euro come moneta comune europea, la Banca Centrale avrebbe avuto sede a Francoforte. La conclusione dell'articolo è che - con le parole di Ulrich Roos - la forza economica, demografica, commerciale e industriale della Germania, la sua posizione geografica e l'atteggiamento sicuro di sé quando si trattava di beni della comunità, hanno progressivamente spostato l'ago della bilancia dall'idea di una Germania europea al fatto di un'Europa tedesca. Tuttavia, sarebbe altamente auspicabile che Berlino bilanciasse la sua supremazia verso una direzione costruttiva, che non segua astrazioni rischiose ma obiettivi pragmatici di interesse comune.

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Iatric cults were spread in Hellas, and in the Hellenistic period were also venerated in Roman Empire. The most famous were Asclepius and his daughter Hygeia. Asclepius was famous Greek physician whose divine nature helped to heal the patients, which is why he was very popular among people. That's why he was popular among people. Asclepius was the only Greek deity to be accepted in the Temple of Westphalia in Rome, which means that the Romans thoroughly accepted him as very important deity in the Roman religion. He was considered to be the guardian of the individuals as well as the whole families, in addition, the protector of soldiers and even emperors. Sanctuaries were built in his honor, but he was also revered in sanctuaries of other gods. The healing power of Asclepius was associated with hot and cold water springs for use of water in the healing process which was very respected since the water was used in healing processes. It is assumed that one shrine was placed in imperial villa in Mediana, due to near hot water source in Niška banja. The veneration of cult of Asclepius in Mediana is traced back to the Roman emperor Julian and his restoration to paganism. Although Julian ruled for a short period of time, the statues of Asclepius and Hygeia remained in the villa in Mediana for decoration, only to be destroyed during the Hun devastation of Nais in 378. The need to prevent and cure people form deadly infectious diseases, which took many lives, had caused the respect of the cult of Asclepius in the territory of Hellas, Asia Minor and most part of Roman Empire in the period from the 16th century BC until the 6th century AD. From ancient time, people felt the need to take care of their own health, and when there was no other way to be cured, Asclepius helped with his supernatural power. His ability and readiness to provide help to everyone who needed it, made him the most widespread and respected cult of healing.

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[First paragraph]De eerste Adam & De rots der struikeling. BOELI VAN LEEUWEN. Amsterdam: Ooievaar, 1996. 237 pp. (Paper NLG 25.00)Gedane zaken: De beste verhalen. HUGO Pos. Amsterdam: Ooievaar, 1996. 230 pp. (Paper NLG 15.00)Maar ik blijf. ASTRID H. ROEMER. Amsterdam: Ooievaar, 1996. 763 pp. (Paper NLG 25.00)De allermooiste romans van de Antillen en Suriname. Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 1996. 605 pp. (Paper NLG 39.90)Zingende eilanden. WIM RUTGERS (ed.). Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 1996. 317 pp. (Paper NLG 25.00)De eeuwige belofte van Eldorado: Verhalen over Latijns-Amerika en het Caribisch gebied. Nieuwegein: Aspekt, 1996. 188 pp. (Paper NLG 34.50)Echo van eldorado. ROSEMARIJN HOEFTE & GERT OOSTINDIE (comps). Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij, 1996. 150 pp. (Paper NLG 15.00)Achter het eeuwig El Dorado: Fictie en realiteit in Latijnsamerikaanse literatuur. GEERT A. BANCK et al. Amsterdam: Thela, 1996. 140 pp. (Paper NLG 19.90)Eldorado: Werkelijkheid en droom. ROBERT LEMM. Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers, 1996. 160 pp. (Paper NLG 29.90)302 New West Indian Guide/Nieuwe West-Indische Gids vol. 70 rw. 3 & 4Surinaamse recepten van A tot Z. MURIEL SAM-SIN-HEWITT. Schoorl: Conserve, 1996. 243 pp. (Paper NLG 29.95)De Bonistraat. AMBER NAHAR. Amsterdam: Piramide, 1996. 71 pp. (Cloth NLG 19.90)Beneden en boven de wind: Literatuur van de Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba. WIM RUTGERS. Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 1996. 468 pp. (Paper NLG 54.90)Elisabeth Samson: Een vrije, zwarte vrouw in het 18e-eeuwse Suriname. CYNTHIA MC LEOD. Schoorl: Conserve, 1996. 177 pp. (Paper NLG 29.90)De beroepsherinneraar en andere verhalen. ANIL RAMDAS. Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 1996. 280 pp. (Paper NLG 34.90)Geef mij maareen Surinamer. RONALD SNIJDERS. Amsterdam: Prometheus, 1996. 88 pp. (Paper NLG 19.90)De vrolijke dood van David Caprino. HENRY MENCKEBERG. Amsterdam: Meulenhoff. 291 pp. (Paper NLG 39.90)Caribische winter. ANNA BRIDIÉ. Amsterdam: Contact, 1996. 222 pp. (Cloth NLG 39.90)Ma Rochelle passée, Welkom El Dorado: Surinaamse historische roman. CYNTHIA MC LEOD. Schoorl: Conserve, 1996. 277 pp. (Paper NLG 39.95)Gewaagd leven. ASTRID H. ROEMER. Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers, 1996. 239 pp. (Paper NLG 29.90)Each year in March an organization with the rather awkward name Collectieve Propaganda voor het Nederlandse Boek (Collective Propaganda for Dutch Books, CPNB) organizes the Dutch national Book Week around a unifying idea. The theme for 1996 was "Eternal Eldorado: Literature from Latin America and the Caribbean." Even though many booksellers expressed their disappointment with this subject, arguing that the Latin American literary boom had long passed, publishers were not deterred. A great number of publications on Latin America and particularly the (Dutch) Caribbean appeared. Some of these books would have been published anyway and now could take advantage of all the accompanying media publicity, others were produced expressly with the Eldorado theme in mind.

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Abstract Τhis article aims to investigate how students' responses to reading and talking about a fictional novel relate to teachers' ideas about the possibilities of a literary work. A large group (413) of readers aged 10–12 completed questionnaires both before and after reading the Romani author Katarina Taikon's Katitzi (1969/2015), which, in a fast-paced and engaging way touches upon subjects such as vulnerability and racism. Responses from 14 teachers are analysed in relation to these students’ answers. The results show great student engagement, with a clear majority (76%) formulating thoughts about Katitzi's situation and their contemporaries. The teachers, on the other hand, highlight problems they see with the literary work and tend to value reading non-fiction more. Through the discrepancy, the question arises as to whether the students' engagement after reading could be utilised more, so that they develop both as readers and participants in a current social debate. Keywords: teaching literature, children's and youth literature, book talks, Swedish in primary school Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo investigar cómo las respuestas de los y las estudiantes al leer y hablar sobre una novela de ficción se relacionan con las ideas de los profesores sobre las posibilidades de una obra literaria. Un gran grupo (413) de lectores de 10 a 12 años completó cuestionarios antes y después de leer Katitzi (1969/2015), de la autora romaní Katarina Taikon, que, de manera rápida y atractiva, aborda temas como la vulnerabilidad y el racismo. Se analizan las respuestas de 14 miembros del profesorado en relación con las respuestas del alumnado. Los resultados muestran un gran compromiso por parte de los y las estudiantes, con una clara mayoría (76%) expresando pensamientos sobre la situación de Katitzi y sus contemporáneos. Por otro lado, el profesorado resalta problemas que percibe en la obra literaria y tiende a valorar más la lectura de no ficción. A través de esta discrepancia, surge la pregunta de si la motivación del alumnado después de la lectura podría ser utilizado de manera más efectiva, para que se desarrollen tanto como lectores como participantes en un debate social actual. Palabras clave: enseñanza de literatura, literatura infantil y juvenil, charlas sobre libros, sueco en la escuela primaria. Resum Aquest article té com a objectiu investigar com les respostes de l’estudiantat en llegir i parlar sobre una novel·la de ficció es relacionen amb les idees del professorat sobre les possibilitats d'una obra literària. Un grup ampli (413) de lectors de 10 a 12 anys va completar qüestionaris abans i després de llegir Katitzi (1969/2015), de l'autora romaní Katarina Taikon, que, d'una manera ràpida i atractiva, aborda temes com la vulnerabilitat i el racisme. Les respostes de 14 membres del professorat s’analitzen en relació amb les respostes d'aquests i aquestes estudiants. Els resultats mostren un gran compromís de l’alumnat, amb una clara majoria (76%) formulant pensaments sobre la situació de Katitzi i els seus contemporanis. El professorat, d'altra banda, destaca problemes que veu en l'obra literària i tendeix a valorar més la lectura de no ficció. A través de la discrepància, sorgeix la pregunta de si la implicació dels i les estudiants després de la lectura podria ser utilitzada més, de manera que es desenvolupen tant com a lectors com a participants en un debat social actual. Paraules clau: ensenyament de literatura, literatura infantil i juvenil, xerrades de llibres, suec a l'escola primària.

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A presente edição v. 21 n. 2 jul./dez. 2022 da Revista Prisma Jurídico vem à público com treze artigos. Prisma Jurídico vem buscando ser um canal de produção científico-acadêmica, que almeja o seu aperfeiçoamento para atingir um estrato de excelência.Assim é que Prisma Jurídico recebe contribuições de autores nacionais e estrangeiros, a fim de garantir uma publicação de qualidade, com características de pluralidade e receptividade.Para tanto, Prisma Jurídico adota o método double blind peer review, pelo qual cada artigo é avaliado, ao menos por dois pareceristas especialistas na área com elevada titulação acadêmica, bem como são os artigos submetidos a um programa de verificação de similaridade de textos, a fim de se evitar fraudes e todas as modalidades de plágio.A publicação também se preocupa com a endogenia e garante a exogenia, com a efetiva possibilidade de trocas de informações entre as Instituições de Ensino Superior, requisito fundamental para a inserção nas bases indexadoras que emitem fatores de impacto mais elevados, com consequente classificação superior dos periódicos.Este volume é aberto com o artigo “Criação de novos direitos, afetividade e política: incursões iniciais” de Leonardo Monteiro Crespo de Almeida que explora a dimensão afetiva que envolve as demandas políticas na criação de novos direitos, com objetivo de reduzir a demanda por novos direitos a mera compreensão estrita e racional dos atores jurídicos, enfatizando o papel do imaginário e dos afetos nas práticas jurídico-políticas, a partir dos conceitos existentes nas obras de Chantal Mouffe.Depois, Ana Paula Baptista Marques, Lourival José de Oliveira em “As novas tecnologias e as relações de trabalho segundo a ordem econômica constitucional”, analisam a influência e a inserção das novas tecnologias nas relações de trabalho enfatizando a ordem econômica no que tange as garantias constitucionais dos trabalhadores, bem como nos novos modelos empregatícios instaurados após a COVID-19.O terceiro artigo intitulado, “A aplicação da lei anticorrupção e da lei das estatais: o compliance como um panorama de entrelaçamento entre o público e o privado” de Emerson Ademir Borges de Oliveira e Eduardo Horita Alonso estuda a aplicação e efetividade da Lei Anticorrupção, do seu decreto regulamentador e da Lei das Estatais frente ao impacto da corrupção que atinge o ordenamento público, visando estabelecer como elemento de equilíbrio os conceitos e doutrinas vinculadas à implementação de Programas de Compliance e seus reflexos nas empresas e na Administração Pública.Em seguida, em “Aplicação do punitive damages ao direito ambiental brasileiro – uma análise da viabilidade jurídica”, Maria Luísa Brasil Gonçalves Ferreira e Elcio Nacur Rezende se dedicam a estudar a viabilidade jurídica da aplicação do instituto do punitive damages ao Direito Ambiental brasileiro, enfatizando a viabilidade jurídica de aplicação da indenização punitiva, em razão da natureza do bem ambiental e da necessidade de desestimular a prática de condutas lesivas ao meio ambiente.Ato contínuo, em “O risco da interpretação criativa dos tribunais no direito penal”, Thaís Aline Mazetto Corazza e Gustavo Noronha de Ávila discutem o risco da interpretação criativa dos tribunais ou ativismo judicial no Direito Penal e o processo de criminalização, destacando que são institutos constitucionalmente incompatíveis entre si.O sexto artigo, “Desigualdades de raça e gênero nas relações econômicas e culturais brasileiras” de Leilane Serratine Grubba e Juliana Pires de Oliveira trata das desigualdades interseccionais de raça e gênero no âmbito econômico e cultural brasileiro, a partir do conceito de colonialidade e da análise do sistema socioeconômico brasileiro, tudo para evidenciar alternativas políticas de articulação entre igualdade e identidade, com consequente reestruturação da organização social, para garantir a coexistência equitativa de gênero, raça e classe.Depois, Bruno Soeiro Vieira e Larissa Coelho Lima em “O planejamento urbano de uma cidade justa: democracia, diversidade e equidade como critérios de justiça social no direito coletivo à cidade”, analisam o contexto jurídico e sociológico do direito à cidade e das políticas urbanas, com ênfase nos valores morais da sociedade, os dispositivos constitucionais referentes à Política Nacional do Desenvolvimento Urbano e ao Estatuto da Cidade e o planejamento urbano de uma cidade justa e sua relação com a democracia, a diversidade e a equidade, em busca da dignidade humana e da qualidade de vida.No oitavo artigo, “Dever fundamental do marítimo na segurança do tráfego aquaviário: uma análise sob a perspectiva tecnológica”, João Bernardo Antunes de Azevedo Guedes e Daury Cesar Fabriz tratam do dever fundamental do marítimo na segurança do tráfego aquaviário sob uma perspectiva tecnológica, examinando a segurança do tráfego aquaviário, ditada pela Lei n.º 9.537/97 e o Decreto n.º 2.596 de 1998 (RLESTA) que regulamenta a referida norma.Outrossim, Julia Minquio Barosela e Luciana Romano Morilas em “Ações judiciais referentes a contratos bancários no Estado de São Paulo, uma análise empírica” estudam o panorama das demandas bancárias no Brasil e os processos judiciais sobre os “contratos bancários” que tramitaram em São Paulo entre 2017 e 2019, envolvendo os quatro maiores bancos, considerados os maiores litigantes judiciais do país ( Banco do Brasil, Bradesco, Santander e Itaú).O décimo artigo da lavra de André Luiz Arnt Ramos e Marcos Catalan, intitulado “As oportunidades criadas pela Covid 19 no ensino do direito dos contratos: uma ligeira reflexão sobre práticas docentes raramente postas em prática”, examina os desafios e oportunidades criados pela pandemia da COVID-19 para o (re)pensar do ensino do Direito dos Contratos, por meio de práticas negociais, com a construção de soluções de valor voltada para a resolução dos problemas jurídicos complexos.Logo após, em “Diálogo entre salud y derecho en tiempos pandémicos en Brasil”, Maria Aglae Tedesco Vilardo estuda os problemas e aspectos relacionados com a pandemia, em face da ausência de políticas públicas e das graves desigualdades sociais que surgiram em razão da flexibilização dos princípios bioéticos, em especial os princípios da beneficência e da não maleficência, como forma de proteger os vulneráveis por ameaças à sua própria existência, com vistas a treiná-los para o exercício de sua autonomia. Tais conceitos são contrapostos ao conceito de biopolítica (exercício da vida e da morte, de forma obscura, arbitrária e insegura) que restringe direitos fundamentais como a liberdade, sem garantir previamente os direitos sociais.No décimo segundo artigo “Análise da mediação e conciliação na recuperação judicial da empresa à luz da teoria dos jogos”, Manoel de Queiroz Pereira Calças e Felipe Guinsani se dedicam a promover uma pesquisa sobre mediação e conciliação na recuperação judicial da empresa à luz da teoria dos jogos, com ênfase à eficácia da autocomposição, do acordo e da mediação na recuperação judicial da empresa. Por fim, fecha o presente volume o artigo “Lei da liberdade econômica: livre iniciativa e limitações ao intervencionismo estatal” de José Fernando Vidal de Souza e José Claudio Abrahão Rosa, que aborda aspectos essenciais da Lei nº 13.874, de 20.09.2019 (Lei da Liberdade Econômica), que instituiu a Declaração de Direitos de Liberdade Econômica, bem como promove uma reflexão crítica sobre o panorama econômico-social brasileiro atual, com a edição da mencionada lei e suas implicações no mercado de trabalho.Por fim, Prisma Jurídico agradece à toda equipe de editoração que auxiliou na realização do presente volume e deseja a todos os leitores boa e profícua leitura.Prof. Dr. José Fernando Vidal de Souza Editor da Revista Prisma Jurídico

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La historiografía sobre fortificaciones medievales en el ámbito medieval cristiano es tan amplia como dispersa. Abundan los estudios de carácter local abordados con metodologías y desde disciplinas diversas, empezando por los clásicos trabajos de Historia del Arte e Historia de la Arquitectura, y, por supuesto, los de contenido estrictamente histórico, planteados desde el estudio de las fuentes escritas y, más recientemente, desde la Arqueología. Faltan, no obstante, estudios de conjunto y aunque se ha abordado el tema de la conceptualización y clasificación tipológica de estas fortalezas, creemos que sigue siendo una asignatura pendiente en el ámbito de la castellología. El presente trabajo pretende pues abordar la problemática sobre la definición y límites del castillo medieval, para pasar después a plantear una clasificación tipológica y funcional de los castillos cristianos peninsulares, para lo cual tendremos en cuenta no sólo la producción historiográfica reciente, sino también nuestras propias investigaciones de base fundamentalmente arqueológica. Palabras clave: Castellología, castillo feudal, tipología castral, reinos cristianos peninsulares, poliorcéticaTopónimos: Península IbéricaPeríodo: siglos VIII-XV ABSTRACTHistoriography on the subject of medieval fortifications in the medieval Christian area is as wide as it is disperse. There is an abundance of local studies undertaken employing different methodologies, starting with the History of Art, the History of Architecture and, of course, those of strictly historical content, based on the study of written sources and, more recently, on Archaeology. However, there is a lack of comprehensive studies and, although the problem of the conceptualisation and typological classification of these fortresses has been addressed, I believe that this continues to be an unresolved issue in the field of castellology. This article aims to address the problem of the definition and limits of the medieval castle, and then propose a typological and functional classification of peninsular Christian castles, taking into account not only recent historiographical production but also my own archaeological research. Keywords: castellology, feudal castle, castral typology, peninsular Christian kingdoms, polyorceticPlace names: Iberian PeninsulaPeriod: 8th-15th centuries REFERENCIASAcién Almansa, M. (2002), “De nuevo sobre la fortificación del emirato” en Mil anos de Fortificações na Península Ibérica e no Magreb (500-1500). Actas do simpósio internacional sobre castelos, Lisboa, pp. 59-75.Almedia, C. A. F. de (1991), “Castelos e cercas medievais. Séculos X a XIII” en Portugal no Mundo. História das Fortificações Portuguesas no Mundo, Lisboa, pp. 38-54.Ayala Martínez, C. de (1995), “Fortalezas y creación de espacio político: la Orden de Santiago y el territorio conquense (siglos XII-XIII)” Meridies, 2, pp. 23-48.Ayala Martínez, C. de (2002), “Las fortalezas castellano-leonesas de las Órdenes Militares. Problemas de control político y financiación (siglos XII-XIV)” en Mil anos de Fortificações na Península Ibérica e no Magreb (500-1500). Actas do simpósio internacional sobre castelos, Lisboa, pp. 549-569.Barceló, M. y Toubert, P. (eds.) (1998), «L’incastellamento». Actas de las reuniones de Girona (26-27 noviembre, 1992) y de Roma (5-7 mayo 1994). Roma.Barroca, M. J. (2001), “A Ordem do Hospital e a Arquitectura Militar Portuguesa (Séc. 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Abstract:

Las epidemias siempre han acompañado al hombre, las cuales presentaron sus propios patrones de distribución espacial, ocasionando millones de fallecimientos. Unas de las más antigüas la tuberculosis (750 a.c.) en América; y la Plaga Antonina la cual se expandió en el imperio romano (165-166 D.C.). En el nuevo mundo durante la conquista se originaron epidemias de tifoidea, viruela y sarampión entre otras que devastaron a la población nativa. En el siglo XX, se expandió la epidemia más devastadora que fue la fiebre española (1918 – 1919) que cobró de 40 a 50 millones de vidas; también se originaron otras como la gripe asiática (1957), gripe de Honk Kong (1968-1970), VIH/Sida (1981- ), SARS (2002-2003), gripe H1N1/gripe porcina y MERS (2012- 2016). A 100 años después de la fiebre española se originó sorpresivamente la pandemia de COVID-19, en Wuhan, China y en tres meses se expandió prácticamente en todas las regiones del mundo, incidiendo en los cambios de los mapas epidemiológicos a nivel local, regional y global, al día 22 de mayo del 2021 se registraron 166.292.312 casos y 3.446.451 defunciones acumulados, gracias al desarrollo de las ciencias, las tecnologías y el papel de la toma de decisiones, a un año ya se cuenta con vacunas, para el 22 de mayo del 2021 se tienen 1.630.588.299 de dosis de vacunas administradas a nivel mundial. El comportamiento espacio temporal de la pandemia de COVID-19, se está presentando en forma diferenciada en el territorio y en la población. Comparar los países no es lo adecuado porque cada uno de ellos tiene sus propias características sociales, económicas, culturales, ambientales y políticas que explican la expansión de la pandemia y sus consecuencias, pero es importante conocer lo que está pasando en el mundo, como se va expandiendo la pandemia, las diferentes políticas y estrategias que se implementaron, aquellas que tienen éxitos y aquellas que inciden en las primeras, segundas y terceras olas. La COVID–19 ha afectado principalmente áreas urbanas, con alta concentración y densidad de población, teniendo consecuencias ambientales, sociales, económicas, culturales y políticas, agudizándose problemas en los sistemas de salud, en el desempleo, en la movilidad, la violencia, el abasto alimentario, entre otros. También se abren nuevos campos de oportunidad y desafíos en el potencial para la salud: Geotecnologías, telemedicina, inteligencia artificial, ciber-salud, entre otros, que justifican el publicar y dar a conocer las situaciones de la salud púbica en diversos espacios geográficos. En este contexto es que este dossier temático de Revista Persona y Sociedad contempla 11 trabajos seleccionados sobre la pandemia de COVID-19 y la salud pública en los contextos territoriales de Argentina, Chile y México. Ante estos eventos extraordinarios que estamos viviendo es importante conocer el estado actual y futuro, los retos y oportunidades, a partir de los cuales en esta revista se consideran cuatro campos temáticos que articulan los artículos: la primera el estado actual de la pandemia, los aspectos sociales como la vulnerabilidad y las desigualdades ante la COVID-19; la tercera el papel de la gestión y gobernanza, planteamiento de escenarios y efectos de la pandemia; y la cuarta las geotecnlogías y métodos de análisis espacial. Este dossier temático de Revista Persona y Sociedad es una invitación a pensar en la pandemia de COVID-19 desde el punto de vista territorial, el comportamiento espacial durante el año 2020, los escenarios post pandemia, las desigualdades y vulnerabilidad ante la COVID-19; las escalas de análisis espacial son diversas, desde nacionales, estatales, zonas metropolitanas y a niveles locales. Abre este número el trabajo de Marcela Santana en el que se aborda la Covid-19 en México, el análisis del comportamiento espacio – temporal a partir de los Condicionantes Socioespaciales de la Salud, del mes de febrero al mes de octubre de 2020. La autora consideró los condicionantes geográficos, epidemiológicos, sociales y demográficos. Los procedimientos y técnicas empleados para la evolución de los casos y defunciones son cuadros históricos, gráficos y cartográficos; para la distribución espacial se emplearon los mapas temáticos de contagios y defunciones, así como cartografía de tasas de mortalidad y morbilidad. La autora señala que se presenta una marcada diferenciación espacial de la incidencia de los casos y contagios en áreas densamente pobladas, como las principales zonas metropolitanas (de acuerdo con el tamaño de población), las ciudades fronterizas del norte y las ciudades costeras, que son los principales epicentros de la pandemia, principalmente por el incremento de la movilidad. Una de las conclusiones de la autora es que, en México para octubre del año 2020, el condicionante que tuvo un papel importante en el inicio del aumento de la curva epidémica fue la toma de decisiones por parte de la población en general en el incremento de la movilidad y el no considerar las medidas sanitarias. Hechos que se evidencian en la realización de aglomeraciones de diversa índole: turísticas, religiosas, sociales, comerciales, políticas, deportivas, etc. Los cinco trabajos siguientes siguen el hilo conductor de la temática de las desigualdades territoriales y vulnerabilidad, inicia Manuel Fuenzalida y María Paz Trebilco*ck, con la investigación de un diagnóstico cuantitativo de las desigualdades existentes en morbi y mortalidad asociada a COVID-19 al interior de las tres principales Áreas Metropolitanas de Chile, siendo estas las de Valparaíso (AMV), Santiago (AMS) y Concepción (AMC). El análisis de distribución espacial fue valorado como desigualdad en términos de brecha, entre quienes están en mejor posición versus peor situación. La metodología que los autores emplearon contempla el Análisis Exploratorio de Datos Espaciales uni y bi variado, la construcción de un Índice de Determinantes Sociales de la Salud (IDSS) y la valoración de las relaciones de morbi-mortalidad por COVID-19 con el IDSS. Los autores señalan que el patrón territorial de la valoración de las relaciones morbi-mortalidad por COVID-19 y los Determinantes Sociales de la Salud son diferentes para cada área metropolitana analizada. COVID-19, tiende a generar un mayor impacto en morbilidad y mortalidad en el Área Metropolitana de Santiago. El Área Metropolitana de Concepción muestra mayoritariamente impactos fuertes en morbilidad y mínimo en mortalidad. El Área Metropolitana de Valparaíso exhibe mayormente impactos controlado y mínimo para morbi-mortalidad. En el trabajo de Salvador Villerías, aborda el análisis espacial de vulnerabilidad por COVID-19 en el estado de Guerrero, México, examina la variabilidad espacial de la vulnerabilidad socioeconómica y concentración urbana de la población del estado de Guerrero con relación al COVID-19. Parte de los conceptos de análisis espacial y Geografía de la salud, vulnerabilidad social y COVID-19. El autor señala que ante la concentración de la población por la actividades socioeconómicas que prevalecen en el territorio guerrerense, los lugares con mayor riesgo de contagio son: Acapulco, Chilpancingo, Iguala, Zihuatanejo, Taxco, además de considerar que la entidad guerrerense, el 42% de la población vive en la zona rural y es donde existen menor riesgo de contagio por el COVID-19, porque tiene menor movilidad la población y hay mayor dispersión de la población, no así en los cuatro centros urbanos antes mencionados. El autor concluye que es importante reflexionar sobre los beneficios de la concentración de la población y los servicios que en estos lugares se concentran, pero también los beneficios de una mayor dispersión de la población, como hoy se vive ante la pandemia y que en el futuro se debe de considerar una mayor dispersión de los servicios en general. En la investigación de María Xochitl Mejía, Luis Miguel Espinosa y Miguel Angel Balderas, determinan y relacionan la degradación de suelos, fertilidad y sustentabilidad, ante la deficiencia en la producción agrícola y como consecuencia la seguridad alimentaria a nivel nacional e internacional, desde el inicio de su trabajo advierten que en la actualidad el bajo rendimiento de los suelos ha limitado la producción de alimento, asociado a la presente pandemia del COVID – 19 y que ha frenado la economía a nivel nacional e internacional. Los autores se enfocan en determinar y relacionar la degradación de suelos, fertilidad y sustentabilidad, ante la deficiencia en la producción agrícola y como consecuencia la inseguridad alimentaria a nivel nacional e internacional, a través del estudio de la edafología, geomorfología, morfoedafogénesis, geografía humana y geografía de la salud. Muestran distintos puntos de vista que se han generado en torno a este tema, para ello analizaron las condiciones edáficas de los suelos y la producción agrícola, mediante datos de fertilidad, de producción y venta de alimentos de hace veinte años a la actualidad, a través del comparativo de una línea de tiempo de COVID-19. Los resultados mostraron la sustentabilidad en la zona de estudio, la intervención antrópica y el escenario ante la actual pandemia de COVID–19. Se obtuvo la alteración del espacio natural de la zona de estudio, a manos de las actividades antropogénicas. Los autores concluyeron que, a través del análisis de fertilidad efectuados, fue posible determinar la alteración natural y antrópica en la zona de estudio, misma que ha limitado los servicios ambientales y como consecuencia la producción agrícola y que la sustentabilidad de los suelos se observa limitada, ya que los suelos han perdido de forma considerable la fertilidad. Eska Solano, Jonathan Hernández y Daniel Hernández abordan la evaluación de requerimientos de accesibilidad universal desde una perspectiva urbano-territorial en la post-pandemia, a partir de una comparación jerárquica de los requerimientos de accesibilidad identificados por personas con discapacidad (PcD) en el territorio urbano-arquitectónico de México, dichos resultados fueron contrastados por grupos de expertos en la materia. La autora evaluó los resultados a través de un modelo matemático-fenoménico, el cual posibilitó la realización de un análisis de juicios y percepción, identificando así los comportamientos prospectivos en cuanto a las prioridades identificadas. Como resultados de esta investigación son las guías y recomendaciones basadas en un enfoque participativo, las cuales perfilan hacia la generación de un territorio urbano arquitectónico inclusivo, que considera las demandas de accesibilidad a través de la participación de los sectores consultados y responda a las condiciones que demandan la nueva normalidad. Una de las conclusiones de los autores concluye que las prioridades para una persona con discapacidad visual, no coinciden necesariamente con una persona con discapacidad motora o mental, y que la generalización de las necesidades de las PcD da lugar a acciones de apoyo poco útiles o pertinentes, dado que no alcanza a cubrir las necesidades de todas la PcD, e incluso no cubren la de ningún grupo de PcD, al no ser producto de un diseño centrado en el usuario. En esta línea similar, pero para el caso de la educación, Agustín Olmos Cruz y Carlos Reyes Torres, abordan el coronavirus y la educación básica en México. Un aspecto de vulnerabilidad y marginación desde una visión geográfico-cultural, con el propósito de identificar espacialmente la infraestructura digital que apoya al Sistema Educativo Mexicano, para continuar con la impartición de clases a distancia y evitar ausentismo, pues es importante disponer de servicios y recursos tecnológicos que permitan generar condiciones de confort y seguridad, requerimientos necesarios para el aprendizaje. La metodología empleada incluye la combinación del método geográfico, etnográfico y fenomenológico, que ayudó a identificar y ordenar la información recabada y ver qué relación guarda con la población que recibe educación en el nivel básico. En el eje temático de la gestión, la gobernanza, el planteamiento de escenarios y efectos de la pandemia se incluyen tres trabajos, el de María Elina Gudiño contextualiza América Latina en el marco de la gestión y gobernanza territorial plantea problemas como el lento crecimiento económico, las desigualdades sociales y la degradación ambiental, la autora plantea posibles escenarios frente al cambio climático y la pandemia COVID-19 y destaca la importancia del uso de las Tecnologías de Información Geográfica (TIG), para la propuesta de acciones que permitan disminuir el margen de error en la toma de decisiones. La autora propone generar un desarrollo innovativo en la gestión sustentada en la coordinación multinivel y la gobernanza territorial. Ante esta “nueva normalidad” plantea 2 escenarios alternativos hacia el futuro: el escenario 1 en el que todo sigue igual, aumento de la inseguridad y la vulnerabilidad ante amenazas naturales y sanitarias; el escenario 2 en el que se producen cambios estructurales que llevan a aumentar la seguridad y la disminución de la vulnerabilidad ante amenazas naturales y sanitarias. Concluye la autora que se necesitan cambios estructurales para aumentar la seguridad y disminuir la vulnerabilidad ante amenazas como el COVID-19. En esta línea similar Francisco Monroy, Milagros Campos y Cuauhtli Flores plantean nuevos escenarios económicos para el Estado de México, ante la presencia del COVID-19. La investigación se centró en delinear el efecto negativo de la crisis generada por la pandemia (COVID-19) en la caída de la actividad económica, a partir de análisis espacial para conocer los territorios de las afirmaciones presentadas por el Banco de México, en las que plantea, que existen sectores de actividades económicas con una mayor y/o menor propensión a la caída del valor generado por la presencia de esta pandemia para los próximos meses, los sectores que son considerados con un alto impacto negativo en el estado son actividades no esenciales. Para la realización del pronóstico se utilizó la técnica llamada econometría por mínimos cuadrados ordinarios(MCO). Los autores proponen una serie de estrategias para reducir el impacto de estos subsectores a corto plazo, para incentivar e incrementar la actividad económica ante la nueva normalidad, en las zonas más afectadas de las actividades que tienen una mayor relevancia. Una de las conclusiones de los autores es que la presencia del COVID-19, en el Estado de México se encuentra marcada por una tendencia alta en los municipios donde la riqueza de la mayor parte de las actividades económicas, generan riqueza, fuentes de trabajo, producción y distribución de productos. En la investigación de Yered Canchola, David Velázquez, Acatl Reyes, Carlos Velázquez y Adriana Trejo, son analizados los principales impactos que se presentaron por la pandemia de COVID-19 en el sector turístico de las principales ciudades costeras del Estado de Quintana Roo, que son Cancún, Chetumal y Playa de Carmen, desde un punto de vista cuantitativo, partiendo por las condiciones previas de la pandemia y las afectaciones en las diversas ramas económicas al año 2020. Se hace un análisis estadístico-cartográfico en cuatro fases metodológicas: la primera la delimitación de las zonas de estudio; la segunda la medición y cuantificación de la vulnerabilidad y exposición ante el COVID-19, así como la estimación del nivel de resiliencia ante esta pandemia; en la tercera fase se identificaron y se cartografiaron los peligros y riesgos asociados al COVID-19, en las tres ciudades costeras; y en la cuarta fase metodológica se presentaron los impactos por el COVID-19 con un enfoque direccionado al turismo. Una de las conclusiones de los autores es que el impacto de la COVID-19 tiene orígenes de aparición y propagación en los centros turísticos de Quintana Roo, por los flujos del turismo internacional que acuden a esta región y que ha llegado al largo del año 2020. Dos trabajos muestran el gran potencial de las geotecnologías y los métodos de análisis espacial y la importancia para la salud pública. los autores: Giovanna Santana Castañeda, Noel Bonfilio Pineda Jaimes y Rebeca Serrano Barquín desarrollaron el análisis de conglomerados espacio temporales de la neumonía en población vulnerable del estado de México, para identificar las zonas que requieren mayor atención, mediante el uso de técnicas socio-epidemiológicas y geoespaciales, a nivel municipal en el Estado de México. Se explican los métodos de conglomerados, Método de K-medias, Modelo de probabilidad de Poisson, así como la distribución espacial de la mortalidad en el grupo J. En los resultados se muestra la cartografía de mortalidad, por grupos de edad más vulnerables y por sexo, así como de los conglomerados espaciales, y cartografía del Riesgo relativo de contraer influenza, gripe y neumonía, 2018. Loa autores concluyen que el empleo de estos métodos de análisis permitieron tener mayor detalle en la exploración del espacio geográfico brindando la posibilidad de analizar el territorio con una mayor desagregación espacial y de esa manera detectar tendencias en lugares con exceso de casos, para dirigir recursos en investigación en salud con el objetivo de reducir la carga de morbilidad y mortalidad de la población y que esto nos lleve a alcanzar ambientes saludables para mejorar la calidad de salud de la población. Los autores Miguel Ernesto González Castañeda, Igor Martín Ramos Herrera, Antonio Reyna Sevilla y Juan de Dios Robles Pastrana, nos guían en el mundo de las geotecnologías, se documentan la justificación conceptual del uso de las herramientas geográficas en el análisis de situación de salud; así como las experiencias tenidas en la aplicación de éstas en el seno de una Sala de Situación ante el COVID-19 en Guadalajara, México. El objetivo que se persigue es compartir las actividades prioritarias de análisis de situación de la pandemia, su evolución y tendencias espacio temporales en la población jaliscience con el fin de apoyar a la toma de decisiones al interior de la propia universidad, así como para las autoridades e instituciones de salud estatales. A través del método de salas de situación en salud desarrollada por la Organización Pan-americana de la Salud (PAHO por sus siglas en inglés) que se trata de un espacio físico o virtual donde se realiza un “diagnóstico situacional de salud” que favorece la toma de decisión en la búsqueda de una nueva realidad e identificar los municipios y regiones prioritarias. Los resultados se muestran en diversos reportes científico-técnicos y mapas. En específico el Reporte Geo epidemiológico, que comprende a la fecha un total de 30 Reportes de análisis de las condiciones en Jalisco y la Región Occidente de México desde distintas perspectivas, así como 11 reportes especiales; la generación de mapas de distribución en diferentes escalas (regional, estatal y sub regional), entre otros; así como el uso intensivo de los buscadores, sistemas de cálculo y los SIG. Se agregan, además, datos procesados en diferentes plataformas en forma de gráficos, visualizaciones y expresiones cartográficas, con el fin de contextualizar los hechos más relevantes. Aportes importantes para la toma de decisiones, la generación de conocimientos para las sugerencias en el tratamiento de la pandemia, para incidir en la reducción de las cadenas de contagio. Finalmente, nuestros agradecimientos y reconocimientos al equipo editorial de la Revista de Persona y Sociedad por brindarnos la oportunidad de publicar la situación de la pandemia de COVID-19 y la situación de la salud en diversos espacios geográficos; a los autores de los artículos por sus valiosas contribuciones; así como a los evaluadores de los artículos que con sus sugerencias han hecho posible el enriquecimiento y fortalecimiento de dichos documentos.

Abstract:

Il presente lavoro contribuisce alla crescente letteratura sull'economia delle piattaforme fornendo evidenza empirica circa le caratteristiche socio-demografiche e occupazionali di coloro che offrono lavoro attraverso le piattaforme in Francia, Germania, Italia, Paesi Bassi, Polonia, Portogallo, Romania, Slovacchia, Spagna e Svezia. Utilizzando una banca dati originale a livello europeo vengono stimate le ‘determinanti’ della partecipazione all'economia delle piattaforme così da tracciare gli elementi peculiari che caratterizzano il lavoro su piattaforma all'interno del più complessivo perimetro del lavoro non-standard. Inoltre, si verifica in che misura la partecipazione all'economia delle piattaforme tende ad accrescere il grado di vulnerabilità socio-economica percepita da parte degli individui.

Abstract:

Hunedoara, Romania, May 12-14, 2021 (on-line) Organizers: University Politehnica Timisoara and University of Banja Luka in cooperation with Ministry for Scientific and Technological Development, Higher Education and Information Society of the Republika Srpska Academy of Romanian Scientists Academy of Sciences and Arts of the Republika Srpska Academy of Technical Sciences of Romania - Timisoara Branch General Association of Romanian Engineers - Hunedoara Branch and Association Universitaria Hunedoara Event sponsored by: International Conference on Applied Sciences ICAS2021 took place in Hunedoara, Romania, in the period May 12-14, 2021, at the Engineering Faculty of Hunedoara, with the aims to serve as a platform for exchange of information between various areas of applied sciences, and to promote the communication between the scientists of different nations, countries and continents. Because of the Coronavirus pandemic, all sessions of the conference have been organized on-line by using Zoom platform. List of Honorary Committee, Organizing Committee, Scientific Committee are available in this pdf.

Abstract:

O presente artigo tem como escopo elucidar a relação entre o grau de facilidade negocial e o custo transacional, apontando as serventias notariais e de registro como as instituições destinadas centrais nessa discussão. A análise dos indicadores dos relatórios Doing Business2015 e 2016, do Banco Mundial, permite orientar a solução do problema. O grau de segurança jurídica proporcionada pelos registros públicos de tradição romano-germânica centraliza as discussões. Necessária a abordagem das origens da propriedade privada e do regime registral e notarial adotados no Brasil. O texto é traduz a Análise Econômica do sistema de proteção imobiliária vigente.

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Hunedoara, Romania, May 24-27, 2023 (face-to-face and on-line) Organizers: Politehnica University Timisoara and University of Banja Luka in cooperation with Ministry for Scientific and Technological Development Higher Education and Information Society of the Republika Srpska Academy of Romanian Scientists Academy of Sciences and Arts of the Republika Srpska Academy of Technical Sciences of Romania - Timisoara Branch General Association of Romanian Engineers - Hunedoara Branch Association Universitaria Hunedoara ICAS 2023 - International Conference on Applied Sciences took place in Hunedoara, Romania, from May 24 to 27, 2023, at the Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara. Its primary objective was to provide a platform for the exchange of information across diverse fields of applied sciences and to facilitate communication among scientists from various nations, countries, and continents. The conference, structured into five sections - Fundamental Sciences, Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Engineering - encompasses a wide range of topics related to the application, operation, and impact of applied sciences and technologies on the industry. Throughout the conference, participants engaged in 2 round tables, 1 keynote lecture, and 74 presentations. From the materials presented at the conference, 25 papers have been selected to be published in this volume of the Journal of Physics: Conference Series, which is a part of the IOP Conference Series. List of Honorary Committee, Organizing Committee, Scientific Committee are available on the web site of the conference.

Abstract:

Abstract The Hungarian ethnographic group known as the Szekler people live in the Eastern Carpathians, a mountainous area that formed the eastern border of historical Hungary prior to 1920, and since 1920, with a minor interruption, the center of Romania. The traditionalist Szeklers designated those village districts that enjoyed ethnic autonomy by the name tizes (tenth). The author of the present study endeavors to illustrate, on the basis of written documents, the nature of the tizes as a Szekler village district and neighborhood community and how it functioned in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. In Szekler villages in the modern era, a village district was considered to be a genuine tizes if it had a tradition of self-governance and a variable level of autonomy, and if it was regarded as a self-governing unit of the settlement and society. The population of the tizes formed a local social, neighborhood group, whose sense of the tizes was consistent with the village-level consciousness of other, similar groups. From a settlement perspective, the village comprised several tizes, each one a unit of the settlement. In social terms, the village community was a combination of several tizes communities. In most cases, the Szekler tizes in the modern era had a distinguishing name, an elected leadership, property, basic self-governance, policing and penal jurisdiction, and its own records and administration. In the 17th to 19th centuries, the village districts and neighborhood communities designated by the word tizes may have owned property (e.g., forests, pastures, meadows), animals (bulls, boars), work-related equipment and objects (plow, drill, fire-fighting equipment, chest, stamp, documents), buildings and institutions (church, chapel, cemetery, school, cultural center, cross), and employees (bellringer, forester, herder). In most Szekler inhabited regions in the early 21st century, reminders of the former tizes are to be found only in the form of geographical names and vernacular data. The traditional form, role, and function of these historical autonomous village districts are best preserved in the region once known as the county of Csík in the former Kingdom of Hungary (now Ciuc, Romania). In the merged villages of Csíkszentgyörgy (now Ciucsângeorgiu, Romania) and Csíkbánkfalva (now Bancu, Romania) there are eight functioning tizes still in existence in the third decade of the 21st century. For this reason, the life of the tizes of Csíkszentgyörgy and Csíkbánkfalva has been chosen as the subject of the present study.

Abstract:

Resumen: Este artículo busca indagar sobre la relación entre música y espacio. Desea, así, investigar si existe realmente una ligación entre el espacio y la música, y a su vez, pretende comprender cómo los seres humanos se conectan con los espacios mediante la música. A partir del análisis de cuatro obras de diferentes lugares y tiempos, se intenta reflexionar sobre la música en relación al espacio, aspirando a trazar algunas características, aspectos y rasgos distintivos entre ellas. Las obras son las siguientes: 1) álbum ‘Piedra de plata’ del grupo Sincronicidad Astral hecho con sonidos grabados en el Cerro Colorado, 2) documental ‘Live at Pompeii’ que Pink Floyd hizo en Pompeya, 3) exposición “A cidade sonora” del artista Floriano Romano en Río de Janeiro, 4) canciones que Atahualpa Yupanqui compuso teniendo como inspiración la localidad Cerro Colorado.Palabras clave: Música y Territorio; Territorio simbólico y concreto; Arte sonoro; Música folclórica; Música psicodélica. TERRITORY AND MUSIC – ONE DIALOGUE, MULTIPLE ECHOES: among tonalities, sonorities, acoustic and bustle of the spacesAbstract: The article in question aims to reflect on the dialogue established between music and territory, encompassing under the music all the sounds, noises, tones and sonorities that can be found in places, both urban and rural, both concrete and symbolic. Then, from four artistic works belonging to different artists (the band Sincronicidad Astral, Pink Floyd, Floriano Romano and Atahualpa Yupanqui) and located in different spaces and times (Cerro Colorado 1998, Pompeii 1971, Rio de Janeiro 2012 and Cerro Colorado 1938 -1992), I am interested in identifying the ways in which the territories were present, concretely and symbolically, in the noises, sounds and music of these artistic works.Keywords: Music and Territory; Symbolic and concrete territory; Sound art; Folk music; Psychedelic music.TERRITÓRIO E MÚSICA – UM DIÁLOGO, MÚLTIPLOS ECOS: entre tonalidades, sonoridades, acústicas e barulhos dos espaçosResumo: O artigo em questão pretende refletir sobre o diálogo que se estabelece entre a música e o território, abarcando sob a música todos os sons, ruídos, tons e sonoridades que podem ser encontrados nos territórios, tanto urbanos como rurais, tanto concretos como simbólicos. Então, a partir de quatro obras artísticas pertencentes a diferentes artistas (a banda Sincronicidad Astral, Pink Floyd, Floriano Romano e Atahualpa Yupanqui) e localizadas em diferentes espaços e tempos (Cerro Colorado 1998, Pompeya 1971, Rio de Janeiro 2012 e Cerro Colorado 1938 -1992), interessa-me identificar as formas como os territórios estiveram presentes, concreta e simbolicamente, nos ruídos, nos sons e nas músicas destas obras artísticas.Palavras-chave: Música e Território; Território simbólica e concreto; Arte sonora; Música folclórica; Música psicodélica.

Abstract:

Año tras año, la implementación de sistemas HPC incrementa a pasos agigantados (Ferreira, Riesen, Bridges, Arnold, & Brightwell, 2014) y son utilizados en la construcción de Data Centers, instituciones científicas, e incluso, para propósito general. Las organizaciones que sostienen estos sistemas HPC normalmente recurren al uso de sockets para controlar el flujo de los datos que deben tratar (Ferreira, Riesen, Bridges, Arnold, & Brightwell, 2014). Sin embargo, el uso de esta tecnología presenta un gran reto: evitar que los sistemas de lectura/escritura se vean superados por la cantidad de datos que deben pasar a través de ellos, ya que una vez aglomerados, estos datos sin tratar pueden traducirse en retrasos para los distintos procedimientos que las organizaciones necesiten hacer. Es decir, las organizaciones deben evitar los cuellos de botella. Entre las estrategias para superar este problema está el diseño e implementación de sistemas de archivos en busca de organizar los datos que deban ser accedidos y modificados de forma paralela por cada uno de los sockets donde se están ejecutando distintas tareas. Existe una relación directa entre la cantidad de sockets y la complejidad de la operación (Yonggang, Jing, & Renato, 2015). Esto es: el aumento del número de servidores (núcleos de procesamiento) que finalmente influirá en el desempeño del sistema. Sin embargo, otros tipos de cuellos de botella pueden presentarse en la red, causados, entre otros, por el alto tráfico de datos que excede la capacidad del ancho de banda (Bhimj, Bard, Romanu, & Paul, 2016).Finalmente, en los procesos, cuyo número de instrucciones de lectura/escritura pueden suponer un retraso para otros procesos que deben realizarse (Isaila, Garcia Blas, Carretero, Latham, & Ross, 2011). Para hacer frente a las demoras en el acceso y modificación de los datos, se desarrollan herramientas para monitorizar el comportamiento de los sistemas de lectura/escritura en busca de estrategias y soluciones para minimizar el impacto de estos retardos.

Abstract:

Srebrenica, this small town in the northeastern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, has been described for centuries as a picturesque place, rich in healing waters, ores, and diverse cultural heritage. Today, Srebrenica is a symbol of suffering and suffering, but also of missed opportunities for the renewal of life and economy in this area. In the work we present, we deal with potentials that can renew life in the Srebrenica area. Thanks to its unique and very abundant natural resources, Srebrenica has been inhabited since ancient times, presumably since the Illyrians. Guber mineral water was used as a medicine for the treatment of skin diseases even before the arrival of the Romans in this area. The first written traces of mineral springs near Srebrenica were made by the Turkish travel writer Evlija Čelebija in the 17th century, traveling through BiH, and the Austro-Hungarians bottled the mineral water of the Spa "Guber" and sold it throughout the monarchy ("Guber-voda"). Mineral water has been bottled and exported since 1887. In 1886, the first scientific research of mineral springs was carried out in the area of the municipality of Srebrenica, when Viennese researchers recorded the existence of 48 mineral springs. Special attention of the Austro-Hungarian researcher prof. Dr. Ernes Ludwig was attracted by water from the source of the Velikog or Crni Guber, whose analysis was an excellent combination of minerals for the treatment of anemia. In 1956, the Federal Ministry of Health of the SFRY and the Federal Institute of Medicines Commissions from Belgrade declared Crni Guber water a medicine. Thus, Crni Guber water is the only water that has been declared a medicine in the former Yugoslavia. In the pre-war period, the total annual income of Banja Guber ranged from 1,200,000 to 1,500,000 US dollars. The company operated successfully until the last war in which, due to the war, there was a complete or partial destruction of certain facilities. The aim of this paper is to determine the potential impact of Srebrenica medicinal water resources on the development of tourism, agriculture and economy. Development of health tourism, increase of accommodation capacities, integration of agricultural producers and other activities enables rural development. By increasing the number of newly employed workers, household budgets, but also the overall economic development of Srebrenica, water could renew life in this area again.

Abstract:

Introduction Jerusalema, a song from Mzansi — an informal isiZulu name for South Africa — became a global hit during the Covid-19 pandemic. Set to a repetitive, slow four-to-a-bar beat characteristic of South African house music, the gospel-influenced song was released through Open Mic Productions in 2019 by the DJ and record producer Kgaogelo Moagi, popularly known as ‘Master KG’. The production resulted from a collaboration between Master KG, the music producer Charmza The DJ, who composed the music, and the vocalist Nomcebo Zikode, who wrote the lyrics and performed the song for the master recording. Jerusalema immediately trended on social media and, as a “soundtrack of the pandemic” (Modise), became one of the most popular songs of 2020. Soon, it reached no. 1 on the music charts in Belgium, Romania, the Netherlands, South Africa, and Switzerland, while going triple platinum in Italy and double platinum in Spain (Hissong). By September 2020, Jerusalema was the most Shazammed song in history. To date, it has generated more than half a billion views on YouTube. After its initial success as a music video, the song’s influence was catapulted to a global cultural phenomenon by the #JerusalemaDanceChallenge video posted by the Angolan dance troupe Fenómenos do Semba in 2020, featuring exquisite dance steps that inspired a viral social media challenge. Some observed that footwork in several of the videos posted, suggested dance types associated with pantsula jive and kwaito music, both of which originated from the black townships of South Africa during the apartheid era. Yet, the leader of the Angolan dance troupe Fenómenos do Semba, Adilson Maiza claimed that the group’s choreography mixed kuduro dance steps (derived from the Angolan Portuguese term “cu duro” or “hard ass”) and Afro-beat. According to Master KG, indeed, the choreography made famous by the Angolan dancers conveyed an Angolan touch, described by Maiza as signature ginga e banga Angolana (Angolan sway and swag; Kabir). As a “counter-contagion” in the age of Coronavirus (Kabir), groups of individuals, ranging from school learners and teachers, police officers, and nursing staff in Africa to priests and nuns in Europe and Palestinians in the Old City of Jerusalem were posting Jerusalema dance videos. Famous efforts came from Vietnam, Switzerland, Ireland, Austria, and Morocco. Numerous videos of healthcare workers became a source of hope for patients with COVID-19 (Chingono). Following the thought of Zygmunt Bauman, in this article I interpret Jerusalema as a “re-enchantment” of a disenchanted world. Focussing on the song’s “magic”, I interrogate why this music video could take on such special meaning for millions of individuals and inspire a viral dance craze. My understanding of “magic” draws on the writings of Patrick Curry, who, in turn, bases his definition of the term on the thought of J.R.R. Tolkien. Curry (5) cites Tolkien in differentiating between two ways in which the word “magic” is generally used: “one to mean enchantment, as in: ‘It was magic!’ and the other to denote a paranormal means to an end, as in: ‘to use magic’”. The argument in this article draws on the first of these explications. As a global media sensation, Jerusalema placed a spotlight on the paucity of a “de-spiritualized, de-animated world,” a world “waging war against mystery and magic” (Baumann x-xi). However, contexts of production and reception, as outlined in Burns and Hawkins (2ff.), warrant consideration of social and cultural values and ideologies masked by the music video’s idealised representation of everyday South African life and its glamourised expression of faith. Thus, while referring to the millennia-old Jerusalem trope and its ensuing mythologies via an intertextual reading, I shall also consider the song alongside the South African-produced epic gangster action film Jerusalema (2008; Orange) while furthermore reflecting on the contexts of its production. Why Jerusalema — Why Its “Magic”? The global fame attained by Master KG’s Jerusalema brought to the fore questions of what made the song and its ensuing dance challenge so exceptional and what lay behind its “magic” (Ndzuta). The song’s simple yet deeply spiritual words appeal to God to take the singer to the heavenly city. In an abbreviated form, as translated from the original isiZulu, the words mean, “Jerusalem is my home, guard me, walk with me, do not leave me here — Jerusalem is my home, my place is not here, my kingdom is not here” (“Jerusalema Lyrics in English”). These words speak of the yearning for salvation, home, and togetherness, with Jerusalem as its spiritual embodiment. As Ndzuta notes, few South African songs have achieved the kind of global status attained by “Jerusalema”. A prominent earlier example is Miriam Makeba’s dance hit Pata Pata, released in the 1960s during the apartheid era. The song’s global impact was enabled by Makeba’s fame and talent as a singer and her political activism against the apartheid regime (Ndzuta). Similarly, the South African hits included on Paul Simon’s Graceland album (1986) — like Ladysmith Black Mambazo’s Homeless — emanated from a specific politico-historical moment that, despite critique against Simon for violating the cultural boycott against South Africa at the time, facilitated their international impact and dissemination (Denselow). Jerusalema’s fame was not tied to political activism but derived from the turbulent times of the COVID-19 pandemic, which, according to statistics published by the World Health Organization, by the end of 2020 had claimed more than 3 million lives globally (“True Death Toll of Covid-19”). Within this context, the song’s message of divine guidance and the protection of a spiritual home was particularly relevant as it lifted global spirits darkened by the pandemic and the many losses it incurred. Likewise, the #JerusalemaDanceChallenge brought joy and feelings of togetherness during these challenging times, as was evidenced by the countless videos posted online. The Magic of the Myth Central to the lyrics of Jerusalema is the city of Jerusalem, which has, as Hees (95) notes, for millennia been “an intense marker of personal, social and religious identity and aspirations in words and music”. Nevertheless, Master KG’s Jerusalema differs from other “Jerusalem songs” in that it encompasses dense layering of “enchantment”. In contrast to Ladysmith Black Mambazo’s Awu Jerusalema, for instance, with its solemn, hymn-like structure and close harmonic vocal delivery, Master KG’s Jerusalema features Nomcebo’s sensuous and versatile voice in a gripping version of the South African house/gospel style known affectionately as the “Amapiano sound” — a raw hybrid of deep house, jazz and lounge music characterised by the use of synthesizers and wide percussive basslines (Seroto). In the original music video, in combination with Nomcebo’s soulful rendition, visuals featuring everyday scenes from South African township life take on alluring, if not poetic dimensions — a magical sensory mix, to which an almost imperceptible slow-motion camera effect adds the impression of “time slowing down”, simultaneously “softening” images of poverty and decay. Fig. 1: “Enchantment” and the joy of the dance. Still from the video “Jerusalema”. From a philosophical perspective, Zygmunt Bauman (xi) contends that “it is against a dis-enchanted world that the postmodern re-enchantment is aimed”. Yet, in a more critical vein, he also argues that, within the postmodern condition, humanity has been left alone with its fears and with an existential void that is “here to stay”: “postmodernity has not allayed the fears that modernity injected into humanity; postmodernity only privatized these fears”. For this reason, Bauman believes, postmodernity “had to become an age of imagined communities” (xviii-xxix). Furthermore, he deems that it is because of its extreme vulnerability that community provides the focus of postmodern concerns in attracting so much intellectual and “real-world” attention (Bauman xxix). Most notably, and relevant to the phenomenon of the media craze, as discussed in this article, Bauman defines the imagined community by way of the cogito “I am seen, therefore I exist” (xix). Not only does Bauman’s line of thought explain the mass and media appeal of populist ideologies of postmodernity that strive to “fill the void”, like Sharon Blackie’s The Enchanted Life — Unlocking the Magic of the Everyday, or Mattie James’s acclaimed Everyday Magic: The Joy of Not Being Everything and Still Being More than Enough; it also illuminates the immense collective appeal of the #JerusalemaDanceChallenge. Here, Bauman’s thought on the power of shared experience — in this case, mass-mediated experience — is, again, of particular relevance: “having no other … anchors except the affections of their ‘members’, imagined communities exist solely through … occasional outbursts of togetherness” (xix). Among these, he lists “demonstrations, marches, festivals, riots” (xix). Indeed, the joyous shared expression of the #JerusalemaDanceChallenge videos posted online during the COVID-19 pandemic may well sort under similar festive public “outbursts”. As a ceremonial dance that tells the story of shared experiences and longings, Jerusalema may be seen as one such collective celebration. True to African dance tradition, more than being merely entertainment for the masses, each in its own way, the dance videos recount history, convey emotion, celebrate rites of passage, and help unify communities in one of the darkest periods of the recent global past. An Intertextual Context for Reading “Jerusalema” However, historical dimensions of the “Jerusalem trope” suggest that Jerusalema might also be understood from a more critical perspective. As Hees (92) notes, the trope of the loss of and longing for the city of Jerusalem represents a merging of mythologies through the ages, embodied in Hebrew, Roman, Christian, Muslim, and Zionist religious cultures. Still, many Jerusalem narratives refrain from referring to its historical legacy, which fuelled hostility between the West and the Muslim world still prevalent today. Thus, the historical realities of fraud, deceit, greed, betrayal, massacres, and even cannibalism are often shunned so that Jerusalem — one of the holiest yet most blood-soaked cities in the world (Hees 92, 95) — is elevated as a symbol of the Heavenly City. In this respect, the South African crime epic Gangster Paradise: Jerusalema, which premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2008 and was later submitted to the Academy Awards for consideration to qualify as a nominee for Best Foreign Language Film (De Jager), stands in stark contrast to the divine connotations of Master KG’s Jerusalema. According to its director Ralph Ziman (Stecker), the film, inspired by a true story, offers a raw look into post-apartheid crime and corruption in the South African city of Johannesburg (De Villiers 8). Its storyline provides a sharp critique of the economic inequalities that torment South Africa in post-apartheid democracy, capturing the dissatisfaction and the “wave of violent crimes that resulted from the economic realities at its root” (Azuawusiefe 102). The irony of the narrative resides in the fact that the main protagonist, Lucky Kunene, at first reluctant to resort to a life of crime, turns to car hijacking and then to hijacking derelict, over-crowded buildings in the inner-city centre of Hillbrow (Hees 90). Having become a wealthy crime boss, Johannesburg, for him, becomes symbolic of a New Jerusalem (“Jerusalem Entjha”; Azuawusiefe 103; Hees 91-92). Entangled in the criminal underbelly of the city and arrested for murder, Kunene escapes from prison, relocating to the coastal city of Durban where, again, he envisages “Jerusalem Enthjha” (which, supposedly, once more implies a life of crime). As a portrayal of inner-city life in Johannesburg, this narrative takes on particular relevance for the current state of affairs in the country. In September this year, an uncontainable fire at a derelict, overcrowded hijacked building owned by Johannesburg municipal authorities claimed the lives of 73 people — a tragic event reported on by all major TV networks worldwide. While the events and economic actualities pictured in the film thus offer a realistic view of the adversities of current South African life, visual content in Master KG’s Jerusalema sublimates everyday South African scenes. Though the deprivation, decay, and poverty among which the majority of South Africans live is acknowledged in the video, its message of a yearning for salvation and a “better home” is foregrounded while explicit critique is shunned. This means that Jerusalema’s plea for divine deliverance is marked by an ambivalence that may weaken an understanding of the video as “pure magic”. Fig. 2: Still from the video Jerusalema showing decrepit living conditions in the background. “Jerusalema” as Layers of Meaning From Bauman’s perspective, Jerusalema — both as a music video and the #JerusalemaDanceChallenge — may represent a more profound human longing for imagined communal celebration beyond mass-mediated entertainment. From such a viewpoint, it may be seen as one specific representation of the millennia-old trope of a heavenly, transcendent Jerusalem in the biblical tradition, the celestial city providing a dwelling for the divine to enter this world (Thompson 647). Nevertheless, in Patrick Curry’s terms, as a media frenzy, the song and its ensuing dance challenge may also be understood as “enchantment enslaved by magic”; that is, enchantment in the service of mass-mediated glamour (7). This implies that Jerusalema is not exempt from underlying ideologised conditions of production, or an endorsem*nt of materialistic values. The video exhibits many of the characteristics of a prototypical music video that guarantee commercial success — a memorable song, the incorporation of noteworthy dance routines, the showcasing of a celebrated artist, striking relations between music and image, and flashy visuals, all of which are skilfully put together (compare Korsgaard). Auslander observes, for instance, that in current music video production the appearance and behaviour of artists are the basic units of communication from which genre-specific personae are constructed (100). In this regard, the setting of a video is crucial for ensuring coherence with the constructed persona (Vernallis 87). These aspects come to the fore in Master KG’s video rendition of Jerusalema. The vocalist Nomcebo Zikode is showcased in settings that serve as a favourable backdrop to the spiritual appeal of the lyrics, either by way of slightly filtered scenes of nature or scenes of worshippers or seekers of spiritual blessing. In addition, following the gospel genre type, her gestures often suggest divine adoration. Fig. 3: Vocalist Nomcebo Zikode in a still from the video Jerusalema. However, again some ambiguity of meaning may be noted. First, the fashionable outfits featured by the singer are in stark contrast with scenes of poverty and deprivation later in the video. The impression of affluence is strengthened by her stylish make-up and haircut and the fact that she changes into different outfits during the song. This points to a glamorisation of religious worship and an idealisation of township life that disregards South Africa’s dire economic situation, which existed even before COVID-19, due to massive corruption and state capture in which the African National Congress is fully implicated (Momoniat). Furthermore, according to media reportage, Jerusalema’s context of production was not without controversy. Though the video worked its magic in the hearts of millions of viewers and listeners worldwide, the song’s celebration as a global hit was marred by legal battles over copyright and remuneration issues. First, it came to light that singer-songwriter Nomcebo Zikode had for a considerable period not been paid for her contribution to the production following Jerusalema’s commercial release in 2019 (Modise). Therefore, she resorted to a legal dispute. Also, it was alleged that Master KG was not the original owner of the music and was not even present when the song was created. Thus, the South African artists Charmza The DJ (Presley Ledwaba) and Biblos (Ntimela Chauke), who claimed to be the original creators of the track, also instituted legal action against Kgaogelo Moagi, his record label Open Mic Productions, and distributor Africori SA whose majority shareholder is the Warner Music Group (Madibogo). The Magic of the Dance Despite these moral and material ambiguities, Jerusalema’s influence as a global cultural phenomenon during the era of COVID spoke to a more profound yearning for the human condition, one that was not necessarily based on religious conviction (Shoki). Perhaps this was vested foremost in the simplicity and authenticity that transpired from the original dance challenge video and its countless pursuals posted online at the time. These prohibit reading the Jerusalema phenomenon as pseudo-enchantment driven only by a profit motive. As a wholly unforeseen, unifying force of hope and joy, the dance challenge sparked a global trend that fostered optimism among millions. Fig. 4: The Angolan dance troupe Fenómenos do Semba. (Still from the original #JerusalemaDanceChallenge video.) As stated earlier, Jerusalema did not originate from political activism. Yet, Professor of English literature Ananya Kabir uncovers a layer of meaning associated with the dance challenge, which she calls “alegropolitics” or a “politics of joy” — the joy of the dance ­­— that she links on the one hand with the Jerusalem trope and its history of trauma and dehumanisation, and, on the other, with Afro-Atlantic expressive culture as associated with enslavement, colonialism, and commodification. In her reading of the countless videos posted, their “gift to the world” is “the secret of moving collectively”. By way of individual responses to “poly-rhythmic Africanist aesthetic principles … held together by a master-structure”, Kabir interprets this communal dance as “resistance, incorporating kinetic and rhythmic principles that circulated initially around the Atlantic rim (including the Americas, Europe, the Caribbean, and Africa)”. For her, the #JerusalemaDanceChallenge is “an example of how dance enables convivencia (living together)”; “it is a line dance (animation in French, animação in Portuguese, animación in Spanish) that enlivens parties through simple choreography that makes people dance together”. In this sense, the routine’s syncopated steps allow more and more people to join as each repetition unfolds — indeed, a celebratory example of Bauman’s imagined community that exists through an “outburst of togetherness” (xix). Such a collective “fest” demonstrates how, in dance leader Maiza’s words, “it is possible to be happy with little: we party with very little” (Kabir). Accordingly, as part of a globally mediated community, with just the resources of the body (Kabir), the locked-down world partied, too, for the duration of the magical song. 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